Journal of Life Science and Applied Research

THE IMPACT OF HORMONAL, NON-HORMONAL SUPPLEMENT AND TOTAL DAILY ENERGY INTAKE ON BODYBUILDERS' HEALTH DURING OFF-SEASON STRENGTH TRAINING IN SULAYMANIYAH CITY- IRAQ

2023-12-31T19:45:09+00:00

Nutrition programs, proper guidance, and supplements (hormonal and non-hormonal supplements) that enhance muscle mass could be key factors for bodybuilders to reach their goals with a correct strategy. However, they could involve them in possible adverse health risks. The suit questionnaire form was designed to collect information about bodybuilders' total daily energy intake and supplements to strengthen and boost their muscle mass. It was used to discover whether they were on the right track regarding required energy intake. Moreover, the impact of hormonal and non-hormonal substances on their health has also been investigated. For that, thirty-one advanced bodybuilders as participants were taken (as volunteers); most of them had a long period of training experience and had a muscular body shape. The rest have at least more than four years of bodybuilding experience. Results show that the majority of them didn’t reach the required total daily calorie intake or exceeded by a great margin (3800 kcal). Surprisingly, they also had an unacceptable amount of administrated anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), some of which are on the banned list by authorized food organizations. According to sports supplements' dose-related effects and health risks, nutrition program strategy and practicing that kind of supplement use may help them build muscle mass but in a very unhealthy way. Bodybuilders seem to be at the possible risk of practicing incorrect paths, because they may be misguided in terms of proper nutritional programs and using muscle enhancers.

OPTIMAL PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON PHENOLOGY AND GROWTH METRICS OF CORN (Zea mays L.)

2023-12-31T20:18:12+00:00

This experiment aimed to investigate the influence of different inter and intra-row spacing on phenology and plant growth metrics of corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Qushtapa zones of northern Iraq in the main cropping season of 2020-2021. Three different inter and intra-row spacing treatments (45, 60 and 75 cm) and (10 and 15 cm) respectively, were applied in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, the total plots were six, each plot on the field was measured 2m width by 3m length (6 m²). The study assessed various plant growth parameters. The results found that inter-row spacing significantly influenced plant height and leaf area index (LAI) at inter-row spacing (45cm). In contrast, leaf area (LA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) significantly had the higher mean value at (75cm) inter-row spacing. Additionally, interaction treatments of inter-row spacing×intra-row spacing recorded highest mean values of plant height at treatment (inter 45cm × intra 15cm), while leaf area (LA) was higher mean value at interaction treatments of (inter 75cm × intra 15cm). As for leaf area index (LAI) this trait showed higher mean value at treatment interaction of (inter 45cm × intra 10cm), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf area duration (LAD) postulate higher mean at interaction (inter 75cm × intra 10cm) and (inter 60cm × intra 15cm) respectively. This study explores key growth indicators to comprehensively analyze the growth and productivity of corn plants, shedding light on their canopy development dynamics and overall performance.

DETERMINING THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME VIRULENCE GENES IN PROTEUS SPECIES ISOLATES

2024-01-16T22:16:03+00:00

Forty isolates of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria termed as Proteus, widely known for their swarming motility and urease activity, which cause complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), were isolated and identified. Two hundred and ten urine specimens collected from the patients suffering from UTIs, who were hospitalized in Babylon hospitals, were used for the isolation of Proteus species isolates. The morphological features (for cells and colonies), biochemical tests, VITEK 2 compact and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Proteus-specific genes were used for the identification of these isolates. The assessment of the antimicrobial profiles that represent the prevalence and the level of pathogenicity of the isolates was also carried out. Furthermore, the whole genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted to determine the sites of bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M, and bla_SHV genes on the genome of the isolates. The results revealed that thirty isolates were P. mirabilis and ten isolates were P. vulgaris. These isolates were given names as PM1 to PM30 for P. mirabilis and PV31 to PV40 for P. vulgaris. The most effective antibiotics against the isolates were erythromycin (97.5%), followed by tobramycin (85%), ampicillin (82.5%), chloramphenicol (60%), piperacillin (55%) and 52.5% for each sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin. The meropenem and imipenem showed less resistance (35%) followed by ciprofloxacin (30%) and gentamicin (15%). The PCR assay exhibited that these isolates carried bla_TEM gene at the rate of 38/40 (95%), bla_SHV gene at the rate of 33/40 (82.5%) and bla_CTX-M gene at the rate of 37/40 (92.5%). Therefore, reducing the frequency and severity of infections, however, more research is needed to understand how the rates of pathogenicity of Proteus species isolates can be controlled.

THE ROLE OF VITAMIN E AS AN ANTIOXIDANT AND PREVENTING DAMAGE CAUSED BY FREE RADICALS

2024-02-10T20:14:21+00:00

Vitamin E is one of the four fat-soluble vitamins that is made naturally in plants. It is one of the necessary vitamins for humans and animals, and the body needs it because it cannot manufacture it. It works to preserve polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA) outside and inside cells in the body and prevents free radical formation reactions resulting from respiratory and respiratory processes and through exposure to toxic external factors such as pollutants. Its deficiency leads to many, Vitamin E comes from plant elements that are in the form of tocopherols, which are compounds that possess the activity of vitamin E. They are in the form of yellow fats that do not dissolve in water, but they do dissolve in organic solvents. The name (Tocopherol) is derived from a Greek word, where “Tocos” means childbirth and Phero from Bear. These words mean the producer of offspring or offspring and are linked to his main role in reproduction in various types of animals. The OL from alcohol is evidence that it is an alcoholic substance.